DIAMONDBACK moth (DBM) is a significant and highly mobile pest of canola crops in the western and southern regions which can rapidly evolve resistance to insecticides and reduce sensitivity to a range of chemistries.
To maximise the effective life of available chemical tools, growers should adopt an integrated pest management strategy, as well as avoid using synthetic pyrethroid chemicals in canola where DBM is problematic.
In 2020, as part of a Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC) co-investment studying the causes and dynamics of DBM outbreaks, researchers from the Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development (DPIRD) collected DBM populations from around the WA grain growing region.
These sample populations were sent to the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) for insecticide resistance screening.
Tested insecticides included three products from chemical groups currently registered for DBM control in canola in WA (groups 3A, 5 and 6) and two diamide (group 28) products that are expected to be registered for DBM control in canola during 2021.
Each population was exposed to a discriminating dose (DD) of insecticide calculated to kill 99.9 per cent of a susceptible (non-resistant) population.
SARDI research scientist Kym Perry said DBM's propensity to develop resistance to insecticides is well-recognised.
"Among the 17 DBM populations from WA canola crops that we screened in 2020, we detected varying degrees of reduced sensitivity to all five chemistries tested," Dr Perry said.
"For a fully susceptible DBM population, the expected percentage mortality for all insecticides tested in these DD bioassays is 100pc, while mortalities less than 95pc indicate reduced sensitivity has developed.
"Similar resistance profiles were observed in all 17 DBM populations."
Dr Perry said the results are broadly consistent with resistance screening data for DBM from Australian canola crops over the past decade, with some evidence for a slight decline in DBM sensitivity across all the tested products over recent years.
"In the case of emamectin benzoate, a slight decline in sensitivity could reflect greater use of this product to control DBM outbreaks in WA canola in recent seasons," he said.
"In general, what these resistance levels mean for field performance is unclear as many factors are involved.
"However, resistance to emamectin benzoate insecticides may be approaching levels where some loss of field efficacy could occur, although this may or may not yet be detectable."
Evidence of moderate to high-level resistance to synthetic pyrethroids (group 3A) was common across all tested DBM strains.
Dr Perry said the result was striking but not surprising based on previous studies.
"At these levels of resistance, we expect synthetic pyrethroid (SP) spray treatments to be almost completely ineffective for controlling DBM in canola in most instances," he said
"In fact, using SPs could lead to an increase in DBM numbers, due to their harmful effects on predatory and parasitic insects that would otherwise attack and help regulate DBM populations.
"We recommend growers do not use SPs in canola in spring where DBM is a problem."
Dr Perry and his team also detected reduced sensitivity to group 28 insecticides in their 2020 screenings - a result he describes as intriguing because group 28 insecticides have never been used on canola crops in Australia.
"This may reflect gene flow resulting from DBM movement from Brassica vegetable crops, where these insecticides are frequently used, into canola crops" he said.
"Alternatively, it is possible that metabolic cross-resistance is conferred by other chemicals used for DBM control in canola.
"The screening results and related laboratory studies show a general correlation between levels of resistance to emamectin benzoate (Affirm) and chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) within DBM strains, which supports this possibility."
The preferred effective chemistries available for DBM control in canola are the group six emamectin benzoate insecticides, group five spinetoram insecticides and group 11 Bacillus thuringiensis subsp kurstaki insecticides, with group 28 diamide chemistry soon to provide an additional option.
To maximise the effective life of these products, growers and advisors should use chemicals only when necessary and rotate the mode of action groups by adhering to GRDC's Resistance Management Strategy (RMS) for DBM in Australian canola.
Canola growers are advised to avoid pyrethroid (Group 3A) and organophosphate (Group 1B) insecticides in canola when DBM is problematic.
Insecticides will not kill unhatched eggs and in heavy infestations, two spray applications five to seven days apart may be required to achieve adequate control.
It is important to adhere to withholding periods when spraying before harvest, noting that windrowing is defined as the harvest event.
Rotating between different insecticide chemistries as outlined in the RMS will help reduce the likelihood of resistant individuals surviving to maturity.
Research conducted in South Australia and western Victoria by Dr Perry established that an abundance of brassica weed hosts over summer could lead to DBM infestations as early as May or June.
In WA, DPIRD agricultural entomologist Dustin Severtson has conducted similar research to understand the factors that influence DBM numbers in the western growing region.
"We've also found that green bridge control is critical," Dr Severtson said.
"DBM only survives on brassicas and wild radish seems to be the most problematic host here in the west."
Dr Severtson said WA canola growers should eliminate potential hosts in summer, then sweep their crop regularly from early August and note any trends in the number of DBM being caught.
"DBM has a small caterpillar that matures quickly in warm conditions, so an outbreak can develop very quickly in favourable spring weather," he said.
"I have seen DBM caterpillars wipe out a flowering canola crop within a week of caterpillars and chewing damage being detected."
Best practice DBM control requires a robust integrated pest management (IPM) program supported by strategic use of insecticides.
While an IPM strategy should always begin with green bridge control, DBM also has some insect predators, including some parasitic wasp species.
Brown and green lacewings, several other predacious bugs and a range of spiders also feed on DBM eggs, larvae and pupae.
In warm, humid conditions the airborne fungus Zoophthera radicans can infect DBM caterpillars and reduce numbers by as much as 90pc.
Dr Severtson said threshold-based spray decisions allow natural predators and parasites to stop a DBM infestation in its early stages, before insecticides are needed.
"Our pheromone traps have shown that high adult numbers don't always translate into a large larval population and we think that is due to these natural controls," he said.
A spray threshold should consider growth stage, growing conditions and grain prices to determine when insecticide will deliver the best economic return.
Dr Severtson said once the threshold is passed, insecticide should be applied promptly to control the population while it is relatively small.
"Spraying smaller populations helps to minimise the risk of encouraging reduced sensitivity," he said.
"Group 28 chemistries will provide a new insecticide option, but DBM's ability to develop insecticide resistance means a comprehensive IPM program will always be the most effective strategy.
"Growers and advisors are strongly advised to familiarise with and adhere to GRDC's Resistance Management Strategy for DBM in Australian canola."
