The Indonesian government revealed plans on Thursday January 27 to limit palm oil exports by mandating a minimum proportion of production that producers must sell locally.
This was in a bid to curtail a dramatic rise in domestic cooking oil prices experienced in the past year.
The move pushed Malaysian palm oil futures to an all-time high and has turned the cheapest vegetable oil into the priciest among the three major edible oils traded across the globe.
Palm oil comes from the fruit of oil palm trees and is the most widely consumed vegetable oil on the planet.
It is ubiquitous in our lives, being found in almost 50 per cent of the packaged products on our supermarket shelves.
It makes ice cream creamier, holds the colour in lipstick, makes soap lather and shampoo foamy and makes ramen noodles cook evenly.
It is a component of toothpaste, detergent and deodorant and is found in foods such as pizza dough, chocolate, cookies and margarine.
It is also used in stockfeed rations and biofuels in many parts of the world.
Indonesia is the world's top producer and exporter of palm oil and, along with Malaysia, accounts for 85 per cent of global palm oil supply.
According to the US Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS), Indonesian production in the 2020-21 marketing year - from October 2020 to September 2021 - came in at 43 million tonnes, with shipments for the same period totaling 26.9 million tonnes.
Although the periods are not quite aligned, local industry group Gabungan Pengusaha Kelapa Sawit Indonesia (GAPKI) had production in the 2021 calendar year much higher at 46.89 million tonnes, despite a fall in output in the second half of the year due to the high cost of - and lack of supply of - fertilisers.
GAPKI also had exports markedly higher at 34.23 million tonnes in 2021, which was about 39pc of world trade.
In an announcement last Friday, GAPKI said it expected 2022 production to increase by 4.5pc to 49 million tonnes and exports to fall by 3pc to 33.21 million tonnes on the back of increased local demand.
But it is not clear if that considers the government's latest export restrictions.
According to the national weather agency, the current La Nina event is likely to bring in higher than average rainfall through to the end of this month.
The higher precipitation levels are expected to improve yields, especially in areas where inputs such as fertiliser are applied.
GAPKI expects domestic demand to reach 20.59 million tonnes this year, which is up from 18.42 million tonnes last year.
Food and biodiesel are the two biggest uses for palm oil in Indonesia.
FAS is forecasting industrial use of palm oil to jump by more than 9pc to 9.6 million tonnes in the 2021-22 marketing year, primarily driven by the increased biodiesel demand.
The Widodo government plans to set its mandatory biodiesel allocations at 10.1 billion litres and maintain its fuel blending rate at 30pc.
A so-called Domestic Market Obligation (DMO) will be immediately applied to all Indonesian palm oil producers, compelling them to sell a minimum of 20pc of their planned exports into the domestic market.
In addition, the government has stipulated that the maximum price attainable for those sales is 9300 rupiah ($0.92) per kilogram.
While the move was widely anticipated, the market had been factoring in a 25pc mandate as the government attempts to bring down domestic cooking oil prices, which have risen by more than 40pc in the past 12 months.
The new restrictions come just two days after implementing a new rule for the first half of 2022 requiring exporters to declare how much crude palm oil they have sold, or plan to sell, into the domestic market to obtain export permits.
The exporters must also show their sales contracts, including their export and domestic selling plans, for the ensuing six months.
This new rule applies to all palm oil exporters, including those that have never supplied domestic markets before and are not affiliated with cooking oil manufacturers.
China overtook India as Indonesia's largest palm oil export destination in 2020-21 and the trend is expected to continue in the current marketing year.
Shipments to India, the world's biggest edible oil importer, declined 27pc to 3.6 million tonnes on the back of higher Indonesian export duties, COVID-19-related demand challenges and India's swing to Malaysia as a key supplier.
On the other hand, exports to China increased by 28pc to 4.8 million tonnes - primarily due to increased demand from the Chinese food processing sector, such as the instant noodle industry.
Crude palm oil was reportedly being offered last week at about US$1500/tonne, including cost, insurance and freight (CIF), for February shipment into India.
This compares to US$1490/t for crude soybean oil and US$1460/t for crude sunflower oil.
Twelve months ago, palm oil was trading at a discount of around US$250/t and US$100/t to sunflower oil and soybean oil, respectively, forcing consumers to switch to the cheaper, higher quality alternatives.
The April palm oil contract on the Bursa Malaysia Derivatives Exchange added 2.1pc on the day of the announcement to finish at 5444 ringgit/tonne ($1860/t).
The contract gained as much as 3.17pc in intra-day trade to hit an all-time high of 5500 ringgit/tonne ($1879/t) before retreating slightly into the close.
The rally continued on Friday, with the contract setting another record high of 5639 ringgit/tonne ($1926/t) just prior to the close, before settling the week at 5628 ringgit/tonne ($1922/t).
The contract has been on a sustained rally since closing at 4101 ringgit/tonne ($1401/t) on December 15.
Since then, there have only been seven down sessions, and the contract has risen 37.2pc - or 1527 ringgit/tonne.
The price of palm oil is affected by price movements in related oils, such as soybean oil, sunflower oil and canola oil as they compete for a share in the global vegetable oils market.
The price of crude oil also has an impact, as biofuels produced from vegetable oils are an almost perfect substitute for fossil fuels.
The higher prices will undoubtedly lead to some destruction of palm oil demand across the globe.
But the world is not swimming in surplus soybean oil and sunflower oil supplies.
It will be interesting to see how the soybean crushers in Argentina and Brazil, and the sunflower crushers in Ukraine and Russia, react to the rapidly changing market dynamics.
Not to mention the edible oil price reaction in global export markets.
